Creative Commons’ statement on artificial intelligence and copyright
Delivered by Brigitte Vézina, Open Policy Manager, Creative Commons to the Second Session
of the WIPO Conversation on IP and AI (July 7-9, 2020, virtual meeting)
Mr. Chairman, thank you for the opportunity to participate in the WIPO Conversation on
Intellectual Property (IP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). I am making this statement on behalf of
Creative Commons, the world’s leading non-profit organization that stewards the Creative
Commons open copyright licenses and that promotes a policy environment that supports
creativity, collaboration and the sharing of creative works, upholds user rights and enables a
rich, robust and thriving public domain. I am joined by the International Federation of Library
Associations (IFLA), the Communia Association for the Public Domain and Electronic
Information for Libraries (EIFL), who endorse this statement.
Session 1 - Issue 7 Copyright and Related Rights: Authorship and Ownership
No copyright on AI-generated output
Mr. Chairman, Creative Commons believes that copyright and related rights are unwarranted for
AI-generated outputs as AI is currently understood, for two fundamental reasons: lack of a
human author and lack of originality. First, the notion of human authorship is a bedrock principle
of copyright. Direct human involvement should remain a precondition to determining whether a
work is worthy of protection and whether copyright can be claimed. While the conceptualisation
of AI is still in flux, the technical nature of human inputs, combined with the mechanistic nature
of AI algorithms and the absence of any personality rights recognized to AI, currently provide
very little ground to justify any copyright protection for AI outputs. Second, in most cases, AI
algorithms use automated, mathematical means to encode statistical information about a set of
input, such as copyright works. AI uses this statistical information, combined with some random
seed, to generate output which is statistically similar to or indistinguishable from an arbitrary
member of the set of input works. AI-generated output is composed of snippets chosen
arbitrarily from thousands or millions of input works and generated as a result of a mathematical,
stochastic function. Thus, AI output should similarly be presumed to lack originality. In short,
AI-generated outputs should be in the public domain, at least pending clearer understanding of
this evolving technology.
Session 1 - Issue 10 Copyright: General Policy Issues
Regulation is premature
Mr. Chairman, AI is an exciting, dynamic field that holds many promising possibilities. As much
as AI has advanced in the past few years, there exists no clarity, let alone consensus, over how
to define AI. Any attempt at regulation is premature, especially through an already over-taxed
copyright system that has been commandeered for purposes that extend well beyond its original
intended purposes. AI needs to be properly explored and understood before copyright or any
intellectual property issues can be properly considered.