Focus Note 1: Outcompeting the Lockbox – Linking Savings Groups to the Formal Financial Sector
June, 2014
6
Lock boxes and substantial risk of theft
For the most part, SGs use metal lock boxes to store excess savings (also known as residual
funds or cash-in-box) which are not distributed to members for credit. Regardless, the risk of
theft is high, particularly given the conspicuousness of such boxes and fairly discernible periods
of SG liquidity accumulation.
SGs tend to save for cycles of one year, and many cycles start in January as a course of
familiarity. This predictability can be exploited by those in the community that understand
when groups are likely to be flush
with cash (the latter months when
members stop lending in order to
recollect total savings).
Residual funds, or cash-in-box, can
amount to sizable sums, particularly
during the last few months of a SGs’
first cycle, when groups stop
extending credit and recollect loans
outstanding in preparation for share-
out distribution (see Annex).
From
BFA’s research it appears that these sums accumulate even sooner, and in larger amounts,
during subsequent savings cycles.
In Chart 1 below, we see the monthly cash-in-box
accumulation of one Tanzanian SG that BFA visited from its 2
nd
to 4
th
cycle (in this case, year) of
saving. As we see, the SG had stored several thousand dollars in its lockbox during the last 6
months of its 2
nd
and 3
rd
cycles (with each cycle starting in February), and had already
accumulated USD $2,000 three months into its 4
th
cycle. When totaled across SGs in a country,
this number becomes substantial. In Kenya for example, the average cumulative cash-in-box for
its nearly 62,000 SGs is more than USD 12 million.
While SGs devise elaborate procedures to ensure the safety of funds,
one individual (usually
the group Treasurer) must always take responsibility for the box between meetings and, hence,
the entire SG’s accumulated savings. Many groups find it difficult to designate a treasurer due
to the enormous responsibility placed on these individuals. In some cases, attempted thefts of
the box have led to serious injury or even death.
For this reason, most SGs are encouraged to push excess funds into frequent lending. Are
members forced to take more loans than they would want? This remains an unanswered
question.
SGs typically save and extend credit for the first 6-9 months, after which members repay loans in preparation for end-of-
cycle share-out. During these last few months, cash-in-box increases more than 10-fold. This accumulation begins much
earlier, and in larger amounts, in groups in their 2
nd
, 3
rd
, or 4
th
cycles.
While we have anecdotal reason to believe that SG balances increase quickly after a group’s first cycle (i.e. after it has
graduated), current MIS data on graduated groups is insufficient to make statistically significant conclusions.
Cash-in-box estimates derived from MIS data and conversations with promoting regarding SG cash flows during their 1st
and 2
nd
savings cycles.
Lock boxes often have 3 locks and 3 keys, and multiple members will be assigned to different roles to ensure the safety of
the box, e.g. 4 different members will be responsible for each key and for the lockbox. One SG went so far as to ensure that
the key and lockbox holders lived in different villages to prevent collusion.
One group conceals its lock box in a rice sack to avoid theft
during transport.