RUNNING HEAD
The running head is an
abbreviated title on the top left
header of every page. The
words “Running Head:” appear
on the title page, but do not
appear on subsequent pages. It
should be no more than 60
characters.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
The title page should state your
name, institution, and word
count including text, footnotes,
and references. Donot underline
or use bold or italics. An asterisk
after the title refers to the title
footnote at the bottom which
includes contactinformation of
the author, such as address,
email,and
acknowledgements.
PAGE NUMBERS
Page numbers should appear
in the top right corner of every
page.
FULL TITLE
A title should clearly state the
main topic in 10 to 12 words.
Abbreviations are not
appropriate. The title should
be centered. If using a subtitle,
use a colon after the title,
capital letter after the colon.
STANDARD FORMAT
Double space, and use 12-point
serif font (e.g. Times New Roman)
on all pages of the paper.
MARGINS
Margins should be 1 inch
all around and on all
pages of the paper.
ABSTRACT (P. 53)
ABSTRACT
Begin the abstract on a new
page. The abstract sums up your
paper’s purpose andcontent in
no more than 200 words, and it
includes important information
such as a preview of the thesis
statement and main ideas. It
should be one paragraph in your
own words and as brief as
possible.
ABSTRACT TITLE
The title of the paper is
repeated as the heading for an
abstract.
Note: The following document should only be used as a quick reference guide. For more information, see the American Sociological
Association Style Guide, 7
th
Edition.
Running Head: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CODES
1
ASA Format
Style Guides
The Psychology of Western Military Codes*
John Q. Cipher
Utah Valley University
Word Count = 6342
*John Q. Cipher: 123 Memory Lane, Orem, UT 84057,
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CODES
2
The Psychology of Western Military Codes
Codes have been used for thousands of years. While “codes” is a
general term that is acceptable to describe all kinds of hidden
meanings, really there are two important concepts to know. A
cipher mixes the letters themselves, while a code mixes up the
message on a word level. Although codes were originally
developed for military purposes, civilians have borrowed encoding
techniques for a wide variety of purposes including love letters and
computer languages.
TITLE PAGE
(PP.53, 112, 116)
Style Guides
ASA Format
BLOCK QUOTATIONS
Quotations that are 50 words or
longer need to be set apart in a
block. They should be single
spaced and indented 1/2” from
the left margin. Quotation
marks are not used with block
quotations.
TITLE
The title should be centered
and double spaced at the top
of the page. It should not be
italicized, underlined, or
bolded.
ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTS
Tables and figures are
numbered consecutively (e.g.
Table 1, Figure 1). Figure
captions are left-justified below
the figure, and table titles are
left-justified above the table.
Tables are provided at the end
of the essay on separate pages.
Use letters for more than one
appendix (e.g. Appendix A). If
only one, refer to it as
Appendix.
HEADINGS
Headings help you organize the
text for readers. The three levels
of headings are all thesame font
size, arranged asfollows:
Level 1: FLUSH LEFT, UPPERCASE
HEADING
Level 2: Flush Left, Italicized,
Uppercase and Lowercase Heading.
Level 3: Indented, italicized, lowercase
paragraph heading ending with a period.
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
The basic format for an in-text
citation is (Last name of author
year of publication:page
number). The page number is
only necessary when quoting or
referring to a specific passage. If
the author’s name appears in
text, only include year and page
number if relevant. When citing
two authors, use both last names
separated by “and” each time. If
a work has three authors, cite all
three last names the first time in
text, and use
et al.
in subsequent
citations. If citing more than
three authors, use
et al.
TEXT (P.54-58)
FIRST PAGE
OF TEXT
(PP.32, 54, 76-79)
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CODES
6
Since the information unveiled was so critical, the crypto
analysts literally saved the day.
VICTORIAN ENGLAND
In Victorian England, strict parents made it hard for lovers to
communicate with each other. According to Wilson (1987:115), a
British historian, “Lovers would have to invent their own ciphers,
which they used to publish notes in newspapers.”
Charles Babbage’s contribution
Charles Babbage loved to read the paper and try to solve the
codes. Once, he saw a message from a student inviting his
girlfriend to elope. Babbage wrote in their code and advised them
not to act so rashly. The girl soon wrote and asked her boyfriend
not to write again because their code had been discovered (Martin
and Baily 2001).
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CODES
3
The Psychology of Western Military Codes
Throughout world history, military codes have been used by nearly
all civilizations. This paper will explore some of the psychology
behind codes used by the west’s militaries and how they aided in
warfare.
The ability to decipher the code of the enemy enabled the allies to
get the upper hand in WWII. American historian Thomas Powers
(2001:72) wrote the following:
The American ability to read Japanese cables, code- named
Magic, was one of the small advantages that helped the Allies
win time and then the war. Another was the British ability to
read the German military communications enciphered with the
Enigma machine, code-named Ultra.
If it had not been for this secret coding, perhaps the outcome of the
second World War would have been dramatically different.
Style Guides
ASA Format
REFERENCES PAGE TITLE
The references page follows the
section containing additional
information. The title is centered,
but not underlined italicized or
bolded.
HANGING INDENT
Use a hanging indent for the
entries longer than one line.
Indent 1/2’’ fromthe set
margins, after the first line of
each entry.
ALPHABETICAL ORDER
Arrange entries in alphabetical
order by author’s last name.
Use the author’s initials for the
first and middle names.
REFERENCES
List only the works you used,
not everything you read.
Further examples can be
found in the appendix
beginning on p. 105 of the
ASA Style Guide,
7
th
edition.
GUIDELINES FOR THE REFERENCES PAGE (P. 59)
In addition to citing sources within a text, ASA requires a
References
page. The following guidelines will help you
correctly format some of the most commonly used sources. For further information and examples, refer to the
appendix of the
American Sociological Association
, 7
th
edition.
BOOK BY A SINGLE AUTHOR (P. 59)
Last name, First Name Middle initial. Year.
Book title
. Location: Publisher. For two authors, use comma before
and.
Ramsay, Guthrie P. 2007. Race Music: Black Cultures from Bebop to Hip-Hop. Los Angeles:
University of California Press.
NOTE: If referencing a book obtained from the Internet, use the same format as above, followed by the date of access
(Month Day, Year) and the full URL.
BOOK BY TWO OR MORE AUTHORS (P. 59)
Goldthorpe, John H., Catriona Llewellyn, and Clive Payne. 1987. Social Mobility and Class
Structure in Modern Britain. 2
nd
ed .New York: Oxford University Press.
References
Edelman, Peter, Harry J. Holzer, and Paul Offner. 2006.
Reconnecting Disadvantaged Young Men. Washington, DC: Urban
Institute Press.
Logan, John R. 2005. “Re-Placing Whiteness: Where’s the Beef?”
City & Community 4(2):137-42
Mason, Karen O. 1974. Women’s Labor Force Participation and
Fertility. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Institutes of
Health.
Simko, Christina. 2021. “Memoir and the Sociological Imagination.”
Sociological Forum 36(1):271-275. doi:10.1111/socf.12672.
13
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CODES
T
REFERENCES
(P.59)
Style Guides
ASA Format
ARTICLE IN AN EDITED BOOK OR ANTHOLOGY (P. 61)
Last Name, First Name Middle initial. Year. “Article Title.” Pages in Book Title, edited First Name Last Name.
Location: Publisher.
Davies, Carole B. 2007. “Caribbean Women, Domestic Labor, and the Politics of Transnational Migration.”
Pp. 116-134 in Women’s Labor in the Global Economy: Speaking in Multiple Voices, edited S. Harley.
Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL (P. 60)
Last name, First name Middle initial. Year. “Title of article.”
Journal Title,
Volume Number (Issue Number):
page numbers of article.
Niedomsyl, Thomas, and Jan Amcoff. 2011. “Is There Hidden Potential for Rural Population
Growth in Sweden?” Rural Sociology 76(2):257-79.
ARTICLES FROM E-RESOURCES (P. 62)
Articles and books obtained from the Internet follow the same pattern as those cited above, with the
exception that page numbers are omitted and the URL is included.
Schafer, Daniel W., and Fred L. Ramsey. 2003. “Teaching the Craft of Data Analysis.” Journal of
Statistics Education 11(1). http://www.amstat.org/publications/jse/v1n1/schafer.html.
JOURNAL ARTICLES WITH DIGITAL OBJECT INDENTIFIER (DOI) (P. 62)
Last name, First name Middle initial. Year.” Title of article.”
Journal Title,
Volume Number (Issue Number):
page numbers of article. doi number.
Persell, Caroline Hodges, Kathryn M. Pfeiffer, and Ali Syed. 2008. “How Sociological Leaders Teach:
Some Key Principles.” Teaching Sociology 36(2):108-24. doi:10.1177/0092055X0803600202.
WEBSITES (P. 88-90)
Date of accessed is required only if there is no publication date. If no date is given, use n.d. and include
the date you accessed the website. If location and publisher are known, include them, if not, they may
be omitted.
Author. Year. ”Title of article.” Location: Publisher. URL.
WERA (World Education Research Association). n.d. “About WERA.” Accessed August 31, 2023.
https://www.weraonline.org/page/AboutWERA.
Source:
American Sociological Association. 2022. American Sociological Association Style Guide. 7
th
ed. Washington, DC: American
Sociological Association.
