Contains Nonbinding Recommendations
and other safety and effectiveness considerations (e.g., poor relationship between pharmacologic
effects and effectiveness) for the reference product may also affect the design of the clinical
program. The scope of the clinical program and the type of clinical studies (i.e., comparative
human PK, PD, clinical immunogenicity, or clinical safety and effectiveness) should be
scientifically justified by the sponsor.
As a scientific matter, FDA expects a sponsor to conduct comparative human PK and PD studies
(if there is a relevant PD measure(s))
27
and a clinical immunogenicity assessment. In certain
cases, the results of these studies may provide adequate clinical data to support a conclusion that
there are no clinically meaningful differences between the proposed biosimilar product and the
reference product. However, if residual uncertainty about biosimilarity remains after conducting
these studies, an additional comparative clinical study or studies would be needed to further
evaluate whether there are clinically meaningful differences between the two products.
1. Human Pharmacology Data
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Human PK and PD profiles of a protein product often cannot be adequately predicted
from functional assays and/or animal studies alone. Therefore, human PK and PD studies
comparing a proposed product to the reference product generally are fundamental
components in supporting a demonstration of biosimilarity. Both PK and PD studies
(where there is a relevant PD measure(s)) generally will be expected to establish
biosimilarity, unless a sponsor can scientifically justify that such a study is not needed.
29
Even if relevant PD measures are not available, sensitive PD endpoints may be assessed
if such assessment may help reduce residual uncertainty about biosimilarity.
Sponsors should provide a scientific justification for the selection of the human PK and
PD study population (e.g., patients versus healthy subjects) and parameters, taking into
consideration the relevance and sensitivity of such population and parameters, the
population and parameters studied for the licensure for the reference product, as well as
the current knowledge of the intra-subject and inter-subject variability of human PK and
PD for the reference product. For example, comparative human PK and PD studies
should use a population, dose(s), and route of administration that are adequately sensitive
to allow for the detection of differences in PK and PD profiles. FDA recommends that,
to the extent possible, the sponsor select PD measures that (1) are relevant to clinical
27
A PD study may also incorporate PK measures (i.e., a combined PK/PD study).
28
See the draft guidance for industry Clinical Pharmacology Data to Support a Demonstration of Biosimilarity to a
Reference Product for a more detailed discussion on the design and use of clinical pharmacology studies to support
a demonstration of biosimilarity. When final, this guidance will represent FDA’s current thinking on this topic.
29
PK and PD studies provide quite different types of information. In simple terms, a PK study measures how the
body acts on a drug (how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated), and a PD study measures
how the drug acts on the body (typically assessing a measure(s) related to the drug’s biochemical and physiologic
effects on the body). Therefore, one type of study does not duplicate or substitute for the information provided by
the other. Both PK studies and PD studies provide important information for assessing biosimilarity; and therefore,
as a scientific matter, comparative human PK studies and PD studies (where there is a relevant PD measure(s))
generally will be expected.