How to Cite: Shakhabutdinov, S.Sh., Yugay, S.M., Ashurov, N.Sh., Ergashev, D.J., Atakhanov, A.A., & Rashidova, S.Sh. (2024)
Characterization Electrospun Nanofibers Based on Cellulose Triacetate Synthesized from Licorice Root Cellulose. Eurasian Journal
of Chemistry, 29, 2(114), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.31489/2959-0663/2-24-2
© 2024 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 21
Article Received: 15 January 2024 ǀ Revised: 22 April 2024 ǀ
Accepted: 24 April 2024 ǀ Published online: 7 May 2024
UDC 677.464.1 https://doi.org/10.31489/2959-0663/2-24-2
Siroj Sh. Shakhabutdinov , Svetlana M. Yugay , Nurbek Sh. Ashurov ,
Doniyor J. Ergashev , Abdumutolib A. Atakhanov
*
, Sayyora Sh. Rashidova
Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
(*Corresponding author
s e-mail: [email protected])
Characterization Electrospun Nanofibers Based on Cellulose Triacetate
Synthesized from Licorice Root Cellulose
Cellulose triacetate (CTA) nanofibers were formed by electrospinning using two binary solvent systems:
methylene chloride/ethanol and chloroform/acetone. Previously, licorice root cellulose (LRC) with a degree
of polymerization (DP) of 710 was extracted from licorice root waste by alkaline treatment and hydrogen
peroxide bleaching at high temperatures. Then CTA with a degree of substitution (DS) of 2.9 and an average
molecular weight of 175 kDa was synthesized from LRC using acetic acid and acetic anhydride, sulfuric acid
was as a catalyst. The influence of the electrospinning process and various solvent systems on the morpholo-
gy and structure of nanofibers was studied. The structure and morphology of the nanofibers were character-
ized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and the sorption characteristics were also investigated. The re-
sults showed that the morphology and structure of nanofibers depended on the solvent mixture used. The av-
erage diameters of the CTA nanofibers with grooved morphology varied 200‒700 nm (solvent methylene
chloride/ethanol) and the dumbbell-shaped (flat ribbon) CTA nanofibers in a wide range from 200 nm to
4 mkm (solvent chloroform/acetone).
Keywords: electrospinning, cellulose triacetate, nanofibers, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, degree of crystallinity,
sorption, thermal stability.
Introduction
As an eco-friendly and renewable biopolymer on the earth, cellulose gains an extensive interest in pro-
ducing novel polymer materials. In this foreshortening, cellulose- and its derivatives-based fibres and
nanofibres are very attractive because of their high strength and firmness, biodegradability and safety [1–5].
Cellulose can be extracted from different native sources, such as wood, cotton, flax, hemp, ramie,
etc. [6–8]. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend towards extracting cellulose from agro-
industrial wastes. The properties and structure of cellulose derived from these wastes vary considerably and
can be used in different industrial sectors [9-10]. One of such agro-industrial waste is licorice root which
consists of about 40–45 % cellulose. Products based on licorice root are used to treat ailments like heartburn,
acid reflux, hot flashes, coughs, and bacterial and viral infections [11]. After separating the medicinally ac-
tive component from the licorice root using selective solvents, a large mass of fibre waste remains, which
can be used as raw material for the cellulose and paper [12]. Using cellulose extracted from licorice root
waste offers several advantages compared to traditional sources like wood or cotton. Licorice root waste
provides an alternative source of cellulose that utilizes a byproduct of the licorice industry, reducing waste
and promoting sustainability. Unlike wood, which requires deforestation, or cotton, which requires extensive
water and pesticide usage, licorice root waste repurposes a material that would otherwise be discarded.
The cellulose derivatives having different functional groups in the cellulose chain have great demand,
and some of them, including cellulose acetate, are produced in large quantities. Cellulose acetate can be used
for producing membranes, packaging films, optical devices, and polymer composites [13, 14]. Usually, con-
ventional spinning methods such as melt spinning, wet spinning, dry spinning, and gel spinning are used for
forming cellulose acetate fibres with a few microns in diameter. However, a breakthrough came with the ad-
vent of electrospinning, which allowed researchers to produce ultrathin fibre [15]. Electrospinning is an
electrohydrodynamic method used for producing synthetic and natural polymer fibres by electrical force,
gathering significant interest due its ability to produce fibres at the nanoscale [16]. Electrospinning of
nanofibers is an attracting method to fabricate cellulose acetate membranes with large surface, high porosity
Shakhabutdinov, S.Sh., Yugay, S.M. et al.
22 Eurasian Journal of Chemistry. 2024, Vol. 29, No. 2(114)
and they have been extensively used in biomedicine, filtration and protection, energy storage and energy cat-
alyst [17].
In this work, cellulose was extracted from licorice root waste, and then cellulose triacetate (CTA) was
synthesized based on it. The CTA nanofibres were formed by the electrospunning method using new solvent
systems as a mixed solvent of methylene chloride:ethanol and chloroform:acetone, and their structure and
morphology were investigated.
Experimental
Chemicals and Materials
The following chemicals and materials were used: sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99 %), hydrogen perox-
ide (H
2
O
2
, 60 %), sodium hypochlorite (17 %), sulfuric acid (H
2
SO
4
, 95–97 %), nitric acid (HNO
3
, 65 %),
hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37 %) were purchased from “Himreactiv invest” Company Ltd., Uzbekistan Acetic
acid (CH
3
COOH, 99 %), ethanol (C
2
H
5
OH), acetone ((CH
3
)
2
CO) were purchased from “Fortek” Company
Ltd., Uzbekistan Acetic anhydride ((CH
3
CO)
2
O, 99.5 %), methylene chloride (CH
2
Cl
2
), chloroform (CHC1
3
)
were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich, USA.
Cellulose Extraction
The cellulose was isolated from wastes. It is a complex procedure that involves chemical or mechanical
methods and sometimes a combination of both of them. The licorice root waste was treated in 4 % sodium
hydroxide solution at 120 °C for 2 h to remove noncellulose substances (hemicellulose, lignin etc.), as re-
ported previously [3]. Then the mass was washed with deionized water three times (the pH of the solution
was neutral) and bleached in 4 % hydrogen peroxide solution at 120 °C for 2 h. The bleached product was
separated by filtering, and washed three times with deionized water and dried in the drying oven at 100 °C
for 4 h. The degree of polymerization (DP) of LRC was 710, and it was used for the synthesis of the CTA.
Cellulose Triacetate Preparation
The acetylation of LRC was carried out using an acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sul-
phuric acid as catalyst [18]. Briefly, 2.5 g of licorice root cellulose (LRC) was placed in a flask with a
ground stopper and treated with a mixture pre-cooled to 15 °C with 15–20 ml of acetic acid, 0.5 ml of
H
2
SO
4
, and 10–20 ml of acetic anhydride. The mixture was left to stand for 2 days at room temperature (or
4 hours at 40 °C). During this time, the formation of syrup (a viscous concentrated solution of cellulose ace-
tate) occurs. The resulting thick syrup was diluted by half with glacial acetic acid and poured into a large
vessel with ice water. This produces white flakes of cellulose triacetate, which were left in water for 24 hours
to decompose completely the acetic anhydride. After this time, cellulose triacetate was filtered, washed, and
dried at 95–100 °C. CTA had DS of 2.9, average molecular weight of 175 kDa.
Solution Preparation
CTA solutions were prepared from CTA samples that previously were condensed in a vacuum oven at
80 °C for about 8 h. CTA solutions were prepared by dissolving CTA in solvent mixtures at 25 °C with con-
stant stirring for 2 h. As a solvent the mixtures methylene chloride:ethanol (9:1) (CTA-NF-1) and chloro-
form:acetone (9:1) (CTA-NF-2) were used.
Electrospinning of CTA Nanofibers
The fabrication of nanofibers was carried out by the electrospinning machine NanoNCeS-robots (South
Korea). Elestrospinning conditions were the following: the applied voltage was 25 kV, the needle tip and
collector distance was 14 cm; the needle diameter was 0.353 mm; the rate of the injecting solution was
45 mkl/min. During the spinning process the relative humidity was 60 % and temperature was 25 °C. The
electrospun CTA fibers were vacuum-dried at 60 °C for 1 h.
Characterization Methods
FTIR
The FTIR spectrometer “Inventio-S” (Bruker) was used and FTIR spectra were recorded in 400–
4000 cm
–1
wavenumber range with a resolution of 2 cm
−1
and 32 scans at a temperature of 25 °C. Software
of OPUS was applied to determine the peaks at specific points.
Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction
XRD studies were carried out using XRD Miniflex 600 (Rigaku, Japan) with monochromatic CuKα ra-
diation isolated by a nickel filter with a wavelength of 1.5418 Å at 40 kV and the current strength of 15 mA.
The spectrum was recorded in the interval of 2θ = 5°–40°. The data processing of experimental diffraction
patterns, peak deconvolution, describing the peaks used by Miller indices, peak shape, and the basis for the
Characterization Electrospun Nanofibers …
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amorphous contribution were conducted using the software “SmartLab Studio II” and data base PDF-2 (2020
Powder diffraction file, ICDD).
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
TG-DSC/DTA synchronous thermal analyzer STA PT1600 (Linseis, Germany) was used for thermal
analysis of the samples. The process was carried out by heating ~ 20 mg of the sample in an air atmosphere
at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from 25 °C to 900 °C. The samples were previously dried to constant weight.
SEM
Scanning electron microscopy studies were performed using SEM equipment Veritas-3100 (Korea).
Magnification of the device is x10-300000, voltage 200V‒300V, maximum scanning area (x÷y÷z) is
120÷120÷65 µm.
Sorption Measurements
The McBain balance with quartz spirals of 1 mg/mm sensitivity was used for the sorption investigation.
Measurements were carried out in the relative humidity (P/Ps) range 0.10–1.0 at 25 °C until sorption equilib-
rium was established. KM-8 cathetometer was used for observing the change in sample mass during the sorp-
tion process.
Statistical analysis
All experimental data were collected in triplicates and data expressed as average ± standard deviation.
Data were compared using a one-way ANOVA with post-Bonferroni test using GraphPad Prism 5.04
(GraphPad Software Inc.)
Results and Discussion
Electrospinning has important tunable working parameters (solution, process and ambient parameters)
that can affect the fiber diameter and morphology. With control and proper manipulation of these parameters,
one can produce electrospunnanofibers with desirable physical properties for advanced applications [19].
The FTIR spectra of LRC (Fig. 1) have all pеаks corresponding to cellulose structure [3]. Аrоund
3400 cm
-1
, vаlеncе vibrаtiоns of the hydrоxyl groups еngаgеd in intra- and intermоlеculаr hydrogen bonding
were visible. The C–H bond vаlеncе vibrations in the cellulose methylene groups were observed in the range
of 2895 cm
-1
and 1635 cm
-1
vibrations of adsorbed water molecules. In the areas of 1420 cm
-1
, 1335–
1375 cm
-1
, 1202 cm
-1
, and 1075–1060 cm
-1
, the absorption bands matched the valence vibrations of the C–O
pyranose ring and the strain vibrations of –H, –CH
2
, –OH, and –CO.
Figure 1. FTIR spectra of LRC (1), CTA (2), CTA-NF-1 (3) and CTA-NF-2 (4)
Shakhabutdinov, S.Sh., Yugay, S.M. et al.
24 Eurasian Journal of Chemistry. 2024, Vol. 29, No. 2(114)
The FTIR spectrum of CTA typically shows characteristic peaks associated with the acetylated cellu-
lose structure. There is a decrease in the intensity of the –OH absorption band that the hydroxyl group con-
tents in LRC were reduced after esterification. The weakening of peaks related to hydroxyl groups (–OH) in
the region (around 3300–3500 cm
-1
) indicates successful acetylation of cellulose. The ester carbonyl absorp-
tion peaks at 1746.6 сm
-1
, carbonyl hydrogen (C–H) peak at 1374.3 сm
-1
in acetyl group and 1230 cm
-1
ab-
sorption (C–O) in O–C=O group confirmed that the ester bond have been formed in the CTA and their rela-
tive intensity is enhanced. This is in agreement with the author’s work in [20] where the characteristic peaks
developed confirmed the acetylation of cellulose extracted from cotton stalk.
The FTIR spectra of CTA-NF-1 and CTA-NF-2 show all the peaks characteristic of the CTA, which
confirms that the structure of nanofibers is similar as CTA. However, an increase in peak intensity at
3400 cm
-1
and 1630 cm
-1
is observed in the spectra of nanofibers, which can be related to the water mole-
cules adsorbed on the active surface of the nanofibers.
The XRD analysis showed of LRC typically exhibits crystalline diffraction peaks corresponding to the
native cellulose structure. The presence of well-defined peaks in the XRD pattern indicates the crystalline
nature of cellulose in the licorice root material. There are four crystal reflections in the regions of 2θ = 14
о
,
16
о
, 22
о
and 34
о
, corresponding to the planes
110
, 110, 200, and 004 in the X-ray diffraction pat-
terns (Fig. 2a).
The acetylation process of cellulose disturbs the cellulose crystal structure and leads to the decrease in
the degree of crystallinity of CTA (Fig. 2(1b)) [21]. CTA has a characteristic wide crystal reflection at
2θ = 15
о
–30
о
, associated with interplanar distances. There are crystalline reflections in the regions of
2θ = 9.56
о
, 17.01
о
, 18.69
о
, 29.30
о
and 39.06
о
, corresponding to the planes (020), (100), (001), (150) and
(022). The functionalization process leads to the change in the supramolecular structure, which becomes or-
thorhombic with lattice parameters a = 5.64 Å, b = 20.36 Å, c = 4.58Å, α = β = γ = 90.00
о
.
X-ray diffraction analysis of CTA nanofibers showed (Fig. 2 (2b and 3b)) that there are regions of co-
herent scattering at the angles of 2 = 1015
о
and 2025
о
. During the electrospinning process, CTA macro-
molecules organize well-ordered structures, so CTA-NF-1 and CTA-NF-2 nanofibers have a higher crystal
index (in the range of 41–46 %) than CTA (Table 1).
a b
Figure 2. X-ray diffraction patterns of LRC (a), CTA (b, line 1), CTA-NF-1 (b, line 3) and CTA-NF-2 (b, line 2)
T a b l e 1
Structural parameters of LRC, CTA, CTA-NF-1 and CTA-NF-2
Sample
Miller
indices
hkl
2θ, deg.
d-spacing,
Å
FWHM, °
Crystallite size
τ, Å
CrI, %
Unit cell size, Å
а
b
c
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
LRC
1-10
14.92
5.93
1.92
43
63
7.81
8.17
10.35
110
16.40
5.39
1.62
52
102
20.69
4.28
1.40
60
Characterization Electrospun Nanofibers …
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C o n t i n u a t i o n o f T a b l e 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
LRC
200
22.76
3.90
1.44
58
63
7.81
8.17
10.35
103
29.00
3.00
8.00
11
113
30.96
2.88
1.83
47
004
34.62
2.58
0.99
87
CTA
020
9.56
9.25
5.20
16
36
5.64
20.36
4.58
100
17.01
5.21
3.00
30
001
18.69
4.75
10.60
8
150
29.30
3.05
17.90
5
022
39.06
2.0
28.00
3
CTA-NF-1
100
15.02
5.90
3.90
22
46
6.07
16.04
5.34
021
20.12
4.41
4.40
19
130
22.16
4.01
2.16
39
140
26.63
3.35
7.90
11
022
35.92
2.49
11.10
8
CTA-NF-2
020
10.01
8.83
4.75
17
41
3.19
18.09
5.50
001
16.48
5.38
6.89
12
011
17.08
5.18
0.26
325
031
22.24
3.99
3.70
23
100
28.43
3.13
0.32
271
The thermal properties of the LCR, CTA, CTA-NF-1 and CTA-NF-2 were studied with TGA (Fig. 3).
The weight loss for all investigated samples proceeds in three stages. In the initial stage, occurring at lower
temperatures (up to 120 °C), the weight loss (5–9 %) is primarily attributed to the release of adsorbed water
(moisture) [5, 22].
a
Shakhabutdinov, S.Sh., Yugay, S.M. et al.
26 Eurasian Journal of Chemistry. 2024, Vol. 29, No. 2(114)
b
c
Characterization Electrospun Nanofibers …
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d
Figure 3. TG, DTG and DSC thermograms of LRC (a), CTA (b), CTA-NF-1 (c) and CTA-NF-2 (d)
The weight loss was not observed in the CTA, CTA-NF-1, and CTA-NF-2 over the temperature range
from 40 °C to 120 °C, indicating that the CTA fibers are more hydrophobic than the LRC. On the weight-
loss stage, which took place between 218 and 580 °C, the esterified chains of cellulose acetate are degraded
first (in the range of 280–312 °C for CTA, 260–305 °C for CTA-NF-1, 219-280 °C for CTA-NF-2), and then
the cеllulosе chаin undеrgоеs the depolymerization process, resulting in the formation of carbon residue [18,
23]. The оnset and end thermal degradation temperature of LRC (157–476 °C) are lоwer than those of the
CTA (280–580 °C), CTA-NF-1 (260–560 °C) and CTA-NF-2 (218–571 °C). Moreover, the maximum
weight loss rate peak of LCR is also lower, than the CTA, CTA-NF-1 and CTA-NF-2 which were 314 °C,
353 °C, 347 °C and 348 °C, respectively. The CTA and nanofibers show higher thermal stability and a wider
range of degradation than the cellulose material, which was also shown in the work [24].
In electrospinning, along with such important parameters as the solution viscosity, the distance between
the needle tip and the ground electrode, acceleration voltage, etc., the nature of solvent also plays an im-
portant role in the formation of nanofibers. The electrospinning of cellulose аcetate in аcetone was found to
produce a short fibres or a “beads on the string” morphology. The rаpidevаporation of solvent аnd the gela-
tion of cellulose acetate solution, which clog the needle, are the causes of beading [25]. In order to solve this
problem a new solvent system was used where ultrafine cellulose acetate fibers were successfully prepared
via electrospinning of cellulose acetate in a mixed solvent of acetone/water at water contents of 10–
15 wt % [26].
In our investigation, we used two binary mixed solvent systems: methylene chloride:ethanol and chloro-
form:acetone. The solvent system influences the solution properties and directly impacts the morphology and
diameter of the resulting nanofibers. Being highly volatile the solvents used evaporated quickly during
electrospinning, leading to the formation of thinner nanofibers. On the other hand, solvents with lower vola-
tility may result in thicker fiber formation. Additionally, the choice of solvent system affects the drying ki-
netics and the solidification process of the electrospun fibers, which further influences their morphology,
such as bead formation, uniformity, and alignment. Figure 4 displays SEM images of CTA-NF-1 and CTA-
NF-2 nanofibers. The CTA-NF-1 nanofibers have a long uniform with a parallel grooved morphology,
smooth surfaces, and few defects, and their size varies in the range of 200–700 nm. The grooved structure of
nanofibers can be attributed to using solvents with different boiling temperatures in the mixed solvent sys-
Shakhabutdinov, S.Sh., Yugay, S.M. et al.
28 Eurasian Journal of Chemistry. 2024, Vol. 29, No. 2(114)
tem. Nanofibres with a similar surface texture were also formed from cellulose acetate butyrate solutions
using a solvent mixture of acetone and N,N′-dimethylacetamide, and the authors explained this effect that
there must be sufficient differences in the evaporation rate between the two solvents to initiate groove for-
mation. It was discovered that the rapid evaporation of a highly volatile solvent from the polymer solution
was crucial in the creation of surface voids, whereas the high viscosity of the residual solution after the sol-
vent evaporation ensured the line surface to be formed following solidification [27].
a b
Figure 4. SEM images of CTA-NF-1 (a) and CTA-NF-2 (b) nanofibers
The CTA-NF-2 nanofibers, ranging in size from 200 nm to 4 mkm, have a flat ribbon shape with two
tubes (dumbbell shape) (Fig. 4, b), and it is related to the formation of the skin layer during electrospinning,
which subsequently collapsed. Such ribbons have been formed by electrospinning various polymers [28].
The formation of this shape of nanofibers is associated with several parameters of the electrospinning pro-
cess: the polymer molecular weight, the polymer solution concentration, the solution feed rate, the nature of
the solvent, etc. [29–31]. Ribbon-like or flat nanofibres are produced while electrospinning with a more vola-
tile solution [32-33]. The rapid vaporization of solvent results in the formation of a stable skin layer, as men-
tioned above, and the collapse of thin walls in the middle section of fibre, but this is insufficient to avoid ma-
terial buildup at its sides [28].
Differences in capillary-porous structure parameters among LRC, CTA and CTA nanofibers can have
significant implications for their respective applications in sorption studies. Sorption studies of the LCR,
CTA, CTA-NF-1 and CTA-NF-2 using low molecular weight liquids (water) were carried out, and the capil-
lary-porous structure parameters (monolayer capacity (Х
m
), specific surface area (S), total pore volume(W
o
),
average pore radius (r)) of the samples were calculated based on isotherms of water vapour sorption (Ta-
ble 2).
T a b l e 2
Sorption characteristics of samples
Sample
LRC
CTA
CTA-NF-1
CTA-NF-2
Х
m
, g/g
0.021
0.0036
0.0039
0.0081
S,
m
2
/g
86.0
12.83
13.89
28.94
W
o
, сm
3
/g
0.097
0.016
0.017
0.030
r, Å
45.5
16,76
18.56
24.12
Result presented as mean ±0.04 % standard deviation, n = 3
The sorption process is a complex mechanism where several factors (capillary-porous, crystalline,
supramolecular structure, content of non-cellulose substances) are simultaneously applied to the sorption ki-
netics. With its natural cellulose structure, LRC may exhibit high sorption capacity for water and other polar
solvents due to its abundant hydroxyl (–OH) groups. The presence of hydroxyl groups in LRC provides op-
portunities for selective sorption of polar molecules or ions through hydrogen bonding and other interac-
tions [8]. In case of CTA and nanofibers based on it, the parameters of the capillary-porous structure de-
Characterization Electrospun Nanofibers …
ISSN 2959-0663 (Print); ISSN 2959-0671 (Online); ISSN-L 2959-0663 29
crease in the series: CTA-NF-2 > CTA-NF-1 > CTA. The acetylation of cellulose in CTA reduces the num-
ber of hydroxyl groups available for sorption, resulting in lower sorption capacity compared to LRC. CTA
nanofibers offer enhanced surface area and porosity compared to CTA, potentially leading to increased sorp-
tion capacity. Nanofibrous structures of CTA-NF-1 and CTA-NF-2 may exhibit faster sorption kinetics com-
pared to CTA due to their high surface area and short diffusion pathways. The high surface-to-volume ratio
of nanofibers can promote efficient sorption and adsorption of target molecules, making them suitable for
applications such as filter material, adsorber, and sensing material.
Conclusions
The cellulose was extracted from licorice root waste and cellulose triacetate was successfully synthe-
sized from licorice cellulose based on esterification method. In order to prepare cellulose nanofibers, the
electrospinning has been studied using various solvent systems. In this study, a mixed solvent of methylene
chloride/ethanol and chloroform/acetone were developed as a new solvent system for the electrospinning of
CA nanofibers. The structural characteristics and morphology of LRC, CTA, CTA-NF-1 and CTA-NF-2
were investigated by the XRD, FT-IR, TGA, SEM, and compared. It was shown that the structure, proper-
ties, shape and size of nanofibers depend on using the solvent mixture. To the best of our knowledge, this is
the first study reporting the formation nanofibers based on CTA, synthesized from licorice root cellulose.
Such CTA nanofibers would be interesting for applications such as filtration materials due to their large sur-
face area.
Funding
This research was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Innovation of the Republic
of Uzbekistan (Grant No. FZ-4721055613).
Author Information*
___________________________________________________________________________
*The authors' names are presented in the following order: First Name, Middle Name and Last Name
Siroj Shamsitdinovich Shakhabutdinov — Junior researcher, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Phys-
ics, 100128, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; е-mail: sirojiddin_[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3804-9750
Svetlana MihaylovnaYugay — Candidate of chemical sciences, Senior researcher, Institute of Polymer
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6829-4111
Nurbek Shodievich Ashurov — Candidate of physic-mathematic sciences, Senior researcher, Institute
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5246-434X
Doniyor Jabborovich Ergashev — Junior researcher, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Physics,
100128, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; е-mail: poly[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4547-9142
Abdumutolib Abdupatto o’g’li Atakhanov (corresponding author) — Doctor of technical sciences,
Professor, Head of Laboratory “Physic and physic-chemical methods of investigation”, Institute of Polymer
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4975-3658
Sayyora Sharafovna Rashidova — Doctor of science, Professor, Academician, Director of Institute of
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1667-4619
Author Contributions
The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the
final version of the manuscript. CRediT: Siroj Shamsitdinovich Shakhabutdinov investigation, validation;
Svetlana Mihaylovna Yugay investigation, methodology, visualization, writing-review; Doniyor
Jabborovich Ergashev investigation, methodology, formal analysis; Abdumutolib Abdupatto o’g’li
Atakhanov conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, validation, writing-original draft, writing-
review & editing; Nurbek Shodievich Ashurov conceptualization, data curation, investigation, methodolo-
Shakhabutdinov, S.Sh., Yugay, S.M. et al.
30 Eurasian Journal of Chemistry. 2024, Vol. 29, No. 2(114)
gy, visualization, writing-original draft, writing-review & editing; Sayyora Sharafovna Rashidova concep-
tualization, supervision, editing
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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